Classroom Activities: Business Card Introduction & Message Relay

A Memorable Start to Semester 2! 🌟

Yesterday and Today were truly special as I organized two engaging activities for my B.Com Semester 2 students: Message Relay and Business Card Introduction. Seeing all the students actively participate was heartwarming and a reminder of why I love teaching! 

In the rush of last semester, we barely had moments to connect on a deeper level, but these activities brought us closer as a class. It was wonderful to see my students, who are usually a bit introverted and hesitant to speak, step out of their comfort zones. Many of them are not fully fluent in English, but their determination to participate and communicate in English was commendable. 🌟

During the Message Relay activity, they experienced firsthand why active listening and effective speaking are so important. I linked it to the concepts we covered last semester in Fundamentals of Communication Skills, which made it both a fun and a learning experience. They realized that if the message isn’t passed on correctly, it can create confusion—a simple yet powerful lesson in communication! 

The Business Card Introduction activity was another great way for them to practice speaking professionally and introducing themselves with confidence. Watching them improve after receiving corrections and their willingness to learn made me so proud. Their small steps towards progress are huge milestones in building their confidence and skills. 🙌

I feel these activities have broken the ice and helped us establish a stronger bond. I’m excited to continue this journey with them and look forward to more such fun and impactful sessions this semester. Here's to growth, learning, and connection! 💪✨

Watching them improve, learn from corrections, and grow in confidence was truly rewarding. It's a big win for all of us! 💪 Here's to more interactive sessions and learning together this semester! 🌟

Destination Reading: Shulpaneswar from Amritlal Vegad's Travelogue 'Parikrama Narmda Maiyani'

 After a long hiatus, I’m excited to share this new post—a special experience that combines reading and exploring places. I chose to read a chapter from Shulpaneshwar, part of Amritlal Vegad’s travelogue Parikrama Narmada Maiyani. The concept I explored here is called “destination reading,” where the text and the real-world location it describes come together to create an immersive and meaningful experience.

The Inspiration

The idea of destination reading was inspired by a lecture on The Ministry of Utmost Happiness by Prof. Dr. Dilip Barad, from the Department of English, MKBU. In that lecture, sir shared a video showcasing destination reading in Delhi, where locations mentioned in the novel were explored. This approach stayed with me, and I was eager to try it myself someday.

Why Shulpaneshwar?

Ever since I began working in Rajpipla, the name Shulpaneshwar kept resonating in my mind. It reminded me of a chapter I studied during my school days, a memory I had nearly forgotten until now. This nostalgia encouraged me to revisit the place—not only as a traveler but also as a reader.

I bought Amritlal Vegad’s Parikrama Narmada Maiyani online and began reading it, where I encountered his vivid descriptions of Shulpaneshwar. This was enough to ignite my curiosity to visit the place and experience it firsthand, while also reflecting on how Vegad portrayed it in his work.

This trip marked my fourth visit to the Statue of Unity, yet during every previous visit, I missed the chance to explore Shulpaneshwar for various reasons. Determined not to let that happen again, I finally made it to the place this time.

The visit was a blend of nostalgia and discovery. While many things have changed over time, I could still sense the essence of Shulpaneshwar that Vegad had beautifully captured in his book. The serene surroundings and cultural significance of the place made the experience unforgettable.

A Lesson Learned

In my excitement, I forgot to carry my Bluetooth device, which could have significantly enhanced the audio quality of the video I recorded. Although the oversight was disappointing, it served as a reminder to be more prepared in the future.

The Significance of Destination Reading

This journey highlighted how destination reading can transform our relationship with literature. By exploring the very locations described in a narrative, the text comes alive in an entirely new way. It deepens our understanding of the story and its setting while fostering a stronger connection between the reader and the writer's perspective.

Visiting Shulpaneshwar through the lens of Vegad’s work wasn’t just a journey to a place; it was a journey into the heart of his narrative. It allowed me to reflect on how stories and real-world experiences can complement one another, enriching both in the process.

I hope this post inspires others to try destination reading and to revisit their favorite books in the context of the places they describe. Literature has a unique way of bringing places to life, and visiting those places can, in turn, bring literature to life in unexpected ways.

Thank you for joining me on this journey. If you’ve ever experienced destination reading or have a favorite book-location pairing, I’d love to hear about it!

Book Review: Insights on 'Tatvamasi' by Dhruv Bhatt

The Statue of Unity, the world's tallest statue, stands majestically on the banks of the Narmada River. My recent visit to the Statue of Unity—the second one—was a deeply reflective experience, stirring thoughts that connected my work at Birsa Munda Tribal University and my reading of 'Tatvamasi' by Dhruv Bhatt. The towering monument of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel stands as a symbol of unity and leadership, but for me, this visit held much more meaning beyond the physical structure. It led to a contemplation of the tribal communities living near the Narmada River, their traditions, struggles, and the deep spiritual connection they share with nature.

The Intersection of Work, Nature, and Literature

This reflection is tied to my current professional and personal journey. Since I began working at Birsa Munda Tribal University, located in Rajpipla, I’ve become more aware of the tribal communities that surround us and the life they lead—often close to the land and deeply rooted in traditions passed down over generations. My work in this environment, combined with Dhruv Bhatt’s novel 'Tatvamasi', has enriched my understanding of these people and their worldview, offering me a unique lens to appreciate their relationship with nature and spirituality.

"આનંદ કેવો છે, તે જગ્યા અને સમયથી મૌલિક રીતે જોડાયેલો છે." 

(The joy one experiences is inherently connected to the place and time.) 

This line from Tatvamasi reverberated within me as I navigated the real-world parallels between the novel and my work. Being amidst nature, in a region so deeply interwoven with the traditions of tribal communities, I could feel the weight of Bhatt’s words. Reading 'Tatvamasi' in this context has been an enriching experience, as the novel aligns perfectly with my environment. Bhatt’s detailed depiction of the people, places, and culture around the Narmada River is more than just fiction—it mirrors the reality I encounter daily in my work and travels.

‘Tatvamasi’ by Dhruv Bhatt: An Overview

‘The novel 'Tatvamasi' is an exceptional piece of Gujarati literature, capturing the essence of tribal life along the Narmada River. It vividly depicts the people, their traditions, their relationship with nature, and the geographical beauty of the area. The novel revolves around an unnamed narrator who returns to India after many years at the request of his professor, Rudolf, to conduct research on tribal communities.

One of the novel’s greatest strengths is its ability to immerse the reader into the depths of tribal life. Through the narrator’s eyes, we observe the simple yet profound existence of these people, who live in harmony with nature, often amidst dire poverty. Bhatt introduces a range of characters—Supriya, BittuBanga, Ganesh Shastri, Guptaji, Puriya, Gandu Fakir, and Ditya—each of whom adds depth to the story, representing different facets of life, spirituality, and wisdom.

"પ્રકૃતિ અને માનવી, બંનેના સંબંધમાં ભક્તિ છે." (There is devotion in the relationship between nature and humanity.) 

This line, echoed throughout the book, perfectly encapsulates the theme of unity that runs through the novel and my experiences. It calls to attention the intrinsic bond between the tribal communities and their environment.

Reflections and Connections

Reading 'Tatvamasi' and visiting the Statue of Unity has led me to reflect on several themes and ideas that have become more prominent in my mind since working at Birsa Munda Tribal University. The intersection of modern development, as symbolized by the Statue of Unity, with the ancient, deeply rooted traditions of the tribal people around the Narmada River, creates a complex tapestry of thought.

The Impact of Development on Tribal Communities

One of the recurring thoughts during my visit to the Statue of Unity was the contrast between the grandeur of the statue and the simplicity of tribal life as portrayed in 'Tatvamasi'. The statue, a marvel of modern engineering, stands as a symbol of India’s progress and unity. Yet, the tribal communities that have lived near the Narmada for generations often remain marginalized, their ways of life threatened by the very development that the statue represents.

"આ પાણીની જેમ આપણી પરંપરાઓ પણ વહેતી રહેવી જોઈએ, રોકાઈ નહિ." (Like this water, our traditions too should flow freely, not be halted.) This line from Tatvamasi reflects the tension between preservation and progress. The novel emphasizes the close connection between the tribal people and their environment, reminding us that development can sometimes obstruct the very essence of life for these communities.

Spirituality and Nature in 'Tatvamasi'

Another striking theme in 'Tatvamasi' is the profound spirituality that governs the lives of the tribal characters. For them, nature is not just a resource to be used, but a living entity to be revered. The Narmada River is sacred, and their existence is deeply tied to its ebb and flow.

In the novel, characters like Supriya and Gandu Fakir represent different aspects of this spirituality. Supriya, who runs an ashram deep in the forest, is devoted to preserving the tribal way of life and ensuring that their traditions are respected. Gandu Fakir, on the other hand, embodies the more mystical, philosophical side of tribal spirituality, offering insights that go beyond religious doctrine and speak to a deeper understanding of life and the universe.

"અહીં, કુદરત છે એટલે ભક્તિ છે, આ કાનૂનથી નહિ ચાલે." (Here, there is devotion because there is nature; this doesn’t operate by law.) The novel shows that for the tribal people, spirituality is a daily lived experience, deeply connected to their natural surroundings, something that resonates with my own observations.

Characters that Reflect Tribal Life

Each character in 'Tatvamasi' plays a significant role in bringing the narrative to life and highlighting different aspects of tribal culture.

• Supriya is perhaps the most pivotal character, representing a bridge between the traditional and the modern. She is committed to protecting the tribal people and ensuring that their connection to the land and nature is not lost in the rush toward modernization.

• Bitubanga, the inseparable duo, showcases the creative genius of the tribal communities. Their architectural and artistic skills are highlighted, emphasizing how the tribes create structures that harmonize with their environment.

• Ganesh Shastri offers a critical perspective on religious dogma, advocating for a more inclusive, spiritual approach that transcends rigid ritualistic practices.

• Gandu Fakir, as mentioned earlier, brings a philosophical depth to the novel, reminding the reader that true spirituality is found in everyday actions and choices, not in grand displays of piety.

Supriya: Embodiment of Selflessness and Cultural Preservation

One of the most compelling characters in the novel is Supriya, a woman who lives in the heart of the forest, running a small ashram dedicated to serving the tribal people. Her character stands out because of her deep commitment to preserving the tribal way of life. Unlike many outsiders who try to impose changes or modernize the tribes, Supriya’s approach is rooted in respect. She believes that it’s not her role to change these people but to support their traditions and way of life.

The narrator is initially surprised by Supriya, expecting an older, Gandhian figure but finding instead a young, vibrant woman who is deeply intellectual and spiritual. Supriya is not just a caretaker of the people but a preserver of their culture, someone who navigates the complex dynamics between tribal traditions and the outside world with wisdom and grace. She embodies the ideal of selflessness, devoting her life to ensuring that the tribal people maintain their autonomy and connection to nature.

Her character reminds me of the importance of humility when interacting with cultures different from our own. Like Supriya, we should aim to support rather than impose, understanding that true respect comes from recognizing the value of traditions that may seem foreign to us.

Gandu Fakir: Spiritual Wisdom and Discipline

Another unforgettable character in the novel is Gandu Fakir, a man who appears to be a madman but whose words and actions reveal deep spiritual insight. He embodies the idea that true spirituality is not confined to religious rituals or doctrines but is something much more profound, connected to the soul and the universe itself.

In one memorable scene, Gandu Fakir, Supriya, the narrator, and Bitubanga are invited to eat at a local's home in the jungle, but when they arrive, there is nothing to offer except Mahudi, a traditional drink, and salt. The extreme poverty of the region is evident here, as the host struggles to even provide basic sustenance. Gandu Fakir’s response is telling: he drinks the Mahudi, while Supriya accepts a pinch of salt, respecting the gesture of hospitality despite the humble offering.

Later, when Supriya offers to feed Gandu Fakir at the ashram, he refuses, saying:

"છોરી મે કયું આતા હું તેરે સાથ? મતલબ સમજતી હો? મતલબ મે સમજતા હું. અગર આજ મે તેરે ઘર ખાતા હું તો મતલબ હે અસ બુઢને હમે ભૂખ નિકાલા હૈ."

This line struck me because it shows the depth of Gandu Fakir’s understanding of spiritual discipline. He sees eating elsewhere as an insult to the hospitality they’ve already received, showing his commitment to living with integrity, even in the smallest actions. His refusal is not madness, as it first seems, but a reflection of his deeper spiritual principles.

Another powerful moment comes during a musical function, where Gandu Fakir sings a song:

“મે હું બંદા તેરા, મે હું આશિક તેરા

મે તો દિવાનાં હું, મેરે સિજદોં કા કયા?

મે નમાજી બનું યા શરાબી બનૂં

બંદગી મેરે ઘર સે કહા જાયેગી?”

Afterward, someone refers to Gandu Fakir as mad, to which Ganesh Shastri responds: "આપ જિસકી આરાધના કરતે હૈ ઔર મે જિસકી પૂજા કરતાં હું, ઉસકા દોસ્ત હૈ વહ." These lines convey something profound about spirituality—about the connection between religion and the soul that transcends rituals and formal beliefs.

Gandu Fakir’s character illustrates the idea that spirituality is not about grand gestures or public displays of piety. It’s about how we live our everyday lives, the choices we make, and the respect we show to others, even in the smallest interactions. This resonates with the simplicity and integrity that is often found in tribal cultures, where spirituality is deeply embedded in everyday life, rather than being a separate, formalized practice.

Ganesh Shastri: Critique of Religious Dogma

The character of Ganesh Shastri offers another layer of philosophical depth to the novel. A man deeply religious but not confined by dogma, Shastri represents a more open, inclusive view of spirituality. In his exchanges with Gupta, Shastri questions the rigid adherence to religious rituals and emphasizes the importance of spirituality over formal religion.

One of his lines that resonated with me was:

'આ દેશ અધ્યાત્મ પર ટકે છે, ધર્મ પર નહિ.'

(This country survives on spirituality, not on religion.)

Shastri’s views on dharma are crystal clear, and I will quote him directly to preserve the original essence of his words:

"ગુપ્તાજીએ કહ્યું, 'ઓ હમારે ધરમથી નહિ, અલગ ધરમથી કામ કરેગા.'...

'બસ, આ જ વાત. ગુપ્તાજીએ દલીલ કરી, 'મન્ને તો ધરમ કે નિયમ પાલના હૈ…'"

Shastri's reflections challenge the rigid frameworks of religion, instead focusing on the cultural practices that sustain society. He questions the very notion of what we consider religious duty, highlighting the distinction between spirituality and organized religion. According to Shastri, the real strength of Indian culture lies in its spiritual freedom, which transcends the confines of dharma and ritual.

As the novel unfolds, the narrator himself grapples with these ideas, reflecting on his own lack of faith in ritualistic practices while acknowledging the importance of having faith in humanity and in the tribal civilization he is studying. When he expresses the desire to "improve" the tribal people, Shastri gently questions the right to impose change, saying, “આદિવાસીઓને સુધારવાનો અધિકાર આપનો છે કે નહીં તે હું નથી જાણતો. 'હા, તું જો આદિવાસીઓના જીવન સુધારી શકે તો મને ખૂબ આનંદ થાય", This prompts reflection on how we, as outsiders, often seek to reform others without first understanding their true needs.

Shastri’s words are a powerful critique of the way religious practices often overshadow the deeper spiritual truths they are meant to express. He advocates for a spiritual connection that transcends the boundaries of any single religion, suggesting that true spirituality is about our personal relationship with the divine, or Brahma, rather than the rituals and doctrines of organized religion.

In a country like India, where religion plays a huge role in daily life, Shastri’s perspective is a reminder of the importance of looking beyond the rituals to the essence of what spirituality truly means. His view is especially relevant today, where divisions along religious lines often overshadow the common spiritual values that bind us together as human beings.

Bitubanga: A Symbol of Tribal Wisdom

The duo of Bittu and Banga, collectively referred to as Bitubanga, adds yet another dimension to the novel. These two characters are inseparable and represent the architectural and creative brilliance of the tribal people. Their ability to build structures that blend seamlessly with nature, serving both human and divine purposes, is a testament to the tribal wisdom that has been passed down through generations.

When Banga is killed by a tiger, Bittu’s grief is overwhelming, but what is most striking is his response. Despite his desire for revenge, Bittu chooses to let the tigress live, understanding that she, too, is a mother protecting her cubs. This act of forgiveness and compassion highlights the deep respect that the tribal people have for all life, even in the face of personal loss.

The character of Bitubanga symbolizes the wisdom of simplicity—the idea that true strength comes not from domination over nature but from living in harmony with it. This is a theme that resonates throughout the novel and is reflected in the lives of the tribal people, who have learned to adapt to their environment rather than trying to control it.

Belief systems/Blind Faith:

In Tatvamasi, Dhruv Bhatt subtly explores how tribal communities often hold onto certain superstitions or beliefs that, while rooted in their traditional worldview, may sometimes lead to misinterpretations. A key example of this is the character of Puriya, who is seen as a witch by the community. This perception highlights the element of blind faith prevalent among the tribal people, where fear and misunderstanding often shape their beliefs about individuals and events.

The notion of wildfire prediction is another example where natural events are linked with spiritual or mystical significance. While these predictions might stem from accumulated knowledge and observation of nature, they also reflect the tribes’ mystical interpretation of natural occurrences. In the novel, such beliefs—though part of the rich cultural fabric—can occasionally distort reality, leading to misunderstandings or fear-based judgments.

This portrayal emphasizes the thin line between traditional wisdom and superstition, showing how tribal people might lean on faith and tradition to explain complex or unexpected phenomena, rather than relying on empirical understanding. Through these examples, Bhatt raises questions about the effects of blind faith in communities that otherwise possess deep connections to nature and spiritual practices. The assumptions made about Puriya being a witch, for instance, point to the dangers of misinterpretation within closely-knit societies where such labels can have long-lasting consequences.

Ecocriticism and the Connection to Nature:

One of the most important themes in ‘Tatvamasi’ is the connection between humans and nature, a theme central to ecocriticism. The novel highlights how the tribal people depend on the land for their survival, but it also shows how nature can be both nurturing and destructive. The wildfires that force people to flee their homes serve as a reminder of the delicate balance that exists between humans and their environment.

This relationship between the tribes and their environment is one of mutual respect. The people understand that they are part of the natural world, not separate from it, and their survival depends on maintaining that balance. This theme is especially relevant in today’s world, where environmental degradation and climate change are threatening the survival of communities like these, who have lived in harmony with nature for centuries.

Interestingly, when I watched the movie ‘Reva’, which is based on the novel, I noticed that many of these ecological elements were downplayed or lost in the adaptation. The film focuses more on the human drama, but the environmental context—which is so integral to the novel—is not given the same weight. This is a crucial aspect of the story that I think deserves more attention, as it is the land itself that shapes the lives and beliefs of the characters in the novel.

Click Here for the detailed study on The Statue of Unity, Narmada Dam and it's impact on the tribal people as a postcolonial Critique:

Conclusion: An Ongoing Reflection:

My experiences—visiting the Statue of Unity, working at Birsa Munda Tribal University, and reading 'Tatvamasi'—have created a space for reflection on the tribal communities that have long called the Narmada region home. "વિશ્વ તત્વમસિ, તું તે છે." (The world is you, you are it.) This core teaching from the novel encapsulates the universal truth of interconnectedness, a message that resonates as I navigate these experiences.

The novel captures the delicate balance these communities maintain with nature and the spiritual wisdom that guides their lives. At the same time, the Statue of Unity stands as a reminder of India’s progress and ambition, making me question how development and tradition can coexist without one overpowering the other.

Book Review: The Courage to be Disliked by Ichiro Kishimi and Fumitake Koga

The Courage to Be Disliked 

The Courage to Be Disliked by Ichiro Kishimi and Fumitake Koga might seem at first like just another self-help book, with bold claims on the cover about how it can "change your life" and help you "achieve real happiness." These kinds of statements are common in motivational books, and they might make you think this is just another one of those books filled with generic advice. But as you start reading, it becomes clear that this book is something different. It explores deep psychological and philosophical ideas based on the work of Alfred Adler, an Austrian medical doctor and psychotherapist.

The book is written as a conversation between two characters: a philosopher and a young man. The young man questions the philosopher, particularly about Adler’s idea that "the world is simple, and life is too." This dialogue style makes the book more engaging and easier to connect with, as it feels like you’re part of a conversation rather than just reading a lecture. The back-and-forth between the two characters is similar to the way ancient philosophers like Socrates taught, by asking questions and discussing ideas in depth.

In the afterword, Kishimi talks about how he was influenced by Adler’s ideas through his co-author, Koga. He even compares Koga to Plato, who was a student and writer for the famous philosopher Socrates.

Who Was Alfred Adler?

Before getting into the main ideas of the book, it’s important to understand who Alfred Adler was and why his ideas are significant.

Alfred Adler (1870–1937) was an Austrian medical doctor and psychotherapist who created a new approach to psychology called Individual Psychology. Unlike Sigmund Freud, who focused on the unconscious mind and how it shapes behavior, Adler was more interested in social relationships and how a person’s place in society influences their personality. He believed that feelings of belonging and the role someone plays in their family (like being the oldest or youngest child) are crucial to understanding their behavior.

One of Adler’s key ideas is the "inferiority complex." He argued that everyone experiences feelings of inferiority at some point, but what matters is how we respond to these feelings. Overcoming them is essential for personal growth. Adler’s approach was more focused on how people relate to others and how they can contribute positively to society, rather than just looking at internal conflicts.

Adler’s theories have had a big impact on psychology, especially in areas like child development, education, and leadership. His ideas about how people’s goals and social connections affect their mental health have influenced many areas of study. However, some of Adler’s views, especially on topics like homosexuality, have been controversial and are not widely accepted today. Despite this, his work remains influential in understanding personality and mental health within a social context.

The Book’s Central Idea: Life Is Simple

The main idea of The Courage to Be Disliked is the philosopher’s statement that "the world is simple, and life is too." The young man in the book represents the doubts and questions that many of us have when we hear such a bold statement. Throughout the book, he challenges the philosopher, asking questions that reflect the confusion and complexity we often feel in our own lives.

As I read, I found that many of the young man’s questions were similar to my own. Initially, the philosopher’s answers seemed too simplistic or unrealistic, especially when compared to the complicated reality we live in. But as the discussion continued, I started to see the value in the philosopher’s perspective.

One of the first concepts the philosopher introduces is "teleology," which is the study of the purpose or goal of something rather than its cause. We are often taught to think about why something happened, which is called aetiology. For example, if you have a problem, you might think it’s because of something that happened in your past. Adler, however, challenges this idea. He argues that instead of focusing on what caused a situation, we should focus on what we want to achieve now and in the future.

This is a key point in Adlerian psychology: it’s not about what happened in the past, but about what goals you set for yourself in the present. Adler believed that "people are not driven by past causes, but move toward goals that they themselves set." In other words, what matters is not the circumstances you were born into or what happened to you, but how you use your abilities and opportunities to achieve your goals.

Interpersonal Relationships: The Root of All Problems

Another major idea in the book is that all problems are essentially problems of interpersonal relationships. According to Adler, many of our struggles come from how we interact with others and how we perceive their behavior toward us. For instance, we might feel hurt or offended by the way someone talks to us or treats us. Adler suggests that these feelings often arise because we are not clear about what is our responsibility and what is not.

He introduces the idea of "separating tasks" in relationships. For example, it’s not your job to worry about what other people think of you—that’s their task. Your task is to focus on your own behavior and how you interact with the world. This can be difficult because we often care a lot about what others think of us and fear being disliked. But Adler argues that true freedom comes from accepting that you cannot control others' thoughts and focusing instead on your own actions and goals.

Adler also discusses the common feelings of inferiority that people experience, which can lead to a constant desire to prove oneself or to be superior to others. This is often linked to the fear of being judged or disliked. The book encourages readers to see others not as competitors but as comrades, which can help reduce feelings of inferiority and improve relationships.

The Importance of Enjoying the Process

One of the most impactful ideas in the book is its perspective on how we should approach life. Rather than seeing life as a race to reach the top or achieve certain goals, the book suggests that we should focus on enjoying the process. Life isn’t about reaching a peak, but about "dancing" through the journey, appreciating each moment as it comes.

If we focus only on the end goal, we risk missing out on the experiences that truly make life meaningful. The process—how we live each day, the challenges we face, and the relationships we build—is more important than the final outcome. This idea encourages a shift in perspective, from striving solely for success to finding satisfaction in the everyday moments of life.

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While The Courage to Be Disliked might seem at first like other motivational books, its foundation in Alfred Adler’s psychology gives it a unique depth. The ideas presented are not just about feeling better or achieving success but about fundamentally rethinking how we approach life and relationships. Some parts of the book might feel confusing or counterintuitive, especially when the young man’s doubts resonate more than the philosopher’s answers. However, as you explore the dialogue, the reasoning behind these ideas becomes clearer, offering valuable insights into how we can live more fulfilling lives.

I’m grateful to Himal Pandya Sir for providing this book, as it has helped me gain a deeper understanding of life and how to navigate its complexities.

Business Communication: It's Definition, Process and Types

 

A Special Lecture by Pro. Dr. A. A. Khan on 'An Introduction to the Study of Literature’ by W. H. Hudson

 'An Introduction to the Study of Literature’ by W. H. Hudson: A Special Lecture by Dr. A. A. Khan

Today, the Department of English at Samaldas Arts College organized a special lecture by Prof. Dr. A. A. Khan, Head of the Department, Samaladas Arts College on ‘An Introduction to the Study of Literature’ by W. H. Hudson for the students of the morning session. The session was enriching for both students and teachers, offering deep insights into the exploration of literature.

As they are learning English Literature, it is essential for students to first become fluent in English in terms of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Many students in the English bachelor's program are not fluent in English due to a lack of practice or their education in the Gujarati medium up to the 12th standard. Sir emphasized the importance of working on their English language skills, particularly in speaking, urging them to "learn to master the language."

Since the students have chosen to pursue a bachelor's degree in English language and literature, it is crucial for them to develop their language skills. I consistently remind first-year BA students that they have ample time to improve their language skills. Additionally, the first-year curriculum focuses on enriching language skills, particularly grammar and communication (LSRW) skills.

Sir emphasized the need for students to strengthen their vocabulary by using a standard English dictionary and to understand syntax, grammar rules, writing skills, reading skills, and speaking skills. He noted that we are not accustomed to speaking English every day. Students often avoid speaking English in the classroom due to the fear of making mistakes, but the only solution is to practice speaking English daily with friends and in class.

Moreover, after working on their language skills, it is essential for students to understand various literary terms to properly comprehend any literary work. The lecture focused on the book by W. H. Hudson, but understanding Hudson's book requires strong language skills. Unlike R. J. Rees, whose works are easier to understand, Hudson's writing is complex due to his long sentence structures and intricate language. Therefore, it is essential to expand one's vocabulary and understand where to place stress to grasp the meaning.

Additionally, understanding different literary terms is crucial. M. H. Abrams’s *A Glossary of Literary Terms* is a valuable resource for this purpose. When I was a bachelor's student, R. J. Rees was part of my syllabus, and his works were straightforward. In contrast, Hudson's complexity necessitates a more extensive vocabulary and a deeper understanding of literary terms to fully appreciate his writing.

Now we come to the important point about literature. Many people have a loose definition of literature, thinking it is "anything written." However, literature is far more complex and profound than that. It is not merely a collection of information or knowledge like science. Literature is a reflection of our emotions, feelings, and experiences. It has the power to transform us from within, shaking us to our core and affecting our sentiments and lives in significant ways.

In essence, literature is an expression of our lives. It captures the essence of human experiences, portraying the breadth of human emotion and thought. This makes literature a dynamic and evolving process, continually moving and changing with time, culture, and individual perspectives.

Matthew Arnold famously described literature as "the criticism of life." This means that literature offers a thoughtful reflection and critique of the human condition, society, and life itself. It is through literature that we gain deeper insights into ourselves and the world around us.

Literature also provides immense pleasure and has its own unique aesthetics. It is not just about the content but also about the beauty of language, the craft of storytelling, and the artistry of expression. Literature touches our lives in profound ways, offering us solace, joy, inspiration, and a deeper understanding of the human experience. Through its ability to connect with our innermost feelings and thoughts, literature remains an enduring and essential part of our lives.

The last point Sir discussed was ‘How to approach literature?’ He suggested that this can be achieved by cultivating the habit of reading. There are two primary ways to read literature:

1. Chronological Reading: This involves reading an author's works in the order they were written. For instance, reading Shakespeare from his first to his last work in chronological order. This method helps readers understand the evolution of the author's ideas and thoughts over time. It also allows for a comparative study of the author’s body of work, providing insights into how their themes, style, and perspectives may have changed.

2. Comparative Analysis: This involves comparing different writers or literary works from various time periods. By doing this, readers can identify similarities, commonalities, and differences among the works. This approach provides a broader understanding of group characteristics, such as the conventions of a particular literary period or movement, as well as unique personal characteristics of each writer.

Overall, these approaches not only deepen one's understanding of literature but also enhance the appreciation of the artistic and intellectual journey of writers throughout history.

Sir also emphasized the importance of reading the biographies of writers. Understanding the context in which a writer lived and wrote—often referred to as the zeitgeist—can provide valuable insights into their writing style and themes. By knowing more about the writer's life, readers can better appreciate the influences and experiences that shaped their work.

It was a truly enriching session. Really grateful to Khansir and the organizers for their efforts.

Art of Listening: It's Definition and Process

"We have two ears and one mouth so that we can listen twice as much as we can speak."

-Epictetus

Definition/Meaning of Listening:

What do we mean by Listening?

Listening is very different from hearing. We hear multiple sounds and noises everyday like bird chirping, cars honking, kids playing, people talking etc. But we do not pay attention to them as we are not interested in them because they are not important for us. 

Listening is as important as Speaking/talking. Good listening involves several aspects like,

• Encouraging others to speaking
• Being sensitive by thoughts 
• Need to be Patient as it might lose the track of what is being said

Listening is an Art.

According to Merriam Webster Dictionary,

 "Listening means to hear something with thoughtful attention : give consideration."(Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

Cambridge Dictionary notes that,

'Hearing’ is an event; it is something which happens to us as a natural process. ‘Listening’ is an action; it is something we do consciously.(Cambridge Dictionary)

According to Joseph DeVito, 

"Listening, then, may be defined as the process of receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding to verbal and/or nonverbal messages."

Process of Listening:

Joseph DeVito divides the listening process into five stages in his 2000 book "The Elements of Public Speaking.  As he says "According to our contemporary definition, then, listening is a collection of skills involving attention and concentration (receiving), learning (understanding), memory (remembering), critical thinking (evaluation), and feedback (responding). You can enhance your listening ability by strengthening these skills, which make up the five steps of the listening process". (Devito)

• Receiving: Listening to what is said
• Understanding: Attending to, interpreting, and receiving content and relational messages
• Remembering: Linked to memory
• Evaluating: Judging the content of the message or the character of the speaker
• Responding: Expressing vocal and/or nonverbal responses

Receiving 

"In receiving messages, focus your attention on both the verbal and the nonverbal messages because both communicate meaning."

Hearing and listening are two distinctly different processes. Hearing begins and ends with the first stage of receiving, and it is something that just happens when you get within earshot of some auditory stimulus. Listening, on the other hand, is quite different; it begins (but does not end) with receiving a speaker’s messages. The messages a listener receives are both verbal and nonverbal; they consist of words as well as gestures, facial expressions, variations in volume and rate, and lots more, as we will see throughout this book. At this stage of listening you recognize not only what is said but also what is not said. For example, you receive both the politician’s summary of accomplishments in education as well as his or her omission of failed promises to improve health-care programs. Receiving messages is a highly selective process. You don’t listen to all the available auditory stimuli. Rather, you selectively tune in to certain messages and tune out others. 

Generally, you listen most carefully to messages that you feel will prove of value to you or that you find particularly interesting. At the same time, you give less attention to messages that have less value or interest. Thus, you may listen carefully when your instructor tells you what will appear on the examination but may listen less carefully to an extended story or to routine announcements. To improve your receiving skills:

■ Keep your eyes on the speaker. Make your mind follow your body and focus attention on the person speaking. 

■ Be mindful of verbal and nonverbal messages. Listen to the speaker’s verbal and nonverbal messages, on what is said and on what isn’t said. 

■ Focus your attention on the information. Consider what the speaker is saying rather than on any questions or objections you may have to what the speaker is saying. 

■ Ignore distractions. Avoid attending to light or noise distractions in the environment

Understanding 

"A stage in the listening process in which you decode the speaker’s signals and grasp their meaning."

Understanding a speaker means grasping not only the thoughts that are expressed but also the emotional tone that accompanies these thoughts; for example, the urgency or the joy or sorrow expressed in the message. To enhance understanding: 

■ Relate the new information to the old. Connect the information the speaker is giving to what you already know. 

■ See the speaker’s messages from the speaker’s point of view. Avoid judging the message until you fully understand it as the speaker intended. 

■ Rephrase the information. As you listen, paraphrase the speaker’s ideas into your own words. 

Remembering 

"To enhance your ability to remember messages, identify the central ideas, summarize the message in an easyto-retain form, and repeat (aloud or to yourself) key terms and names."

Messages that you receive and understand need to be retained for at least some period of time. In public speaking situations you can enhance the process of remembering by taking notes or by recording the messages.

What you remember is actually not what was said but what you think (or remember) was said. Memory for speech isn’t reproductive; you don’t simply reproduce in your memory what the speaker said. Rather, memory is reconstructive; you actually reconstruct the messages you hear into a system that seems to make sense to you. 

■ Identify the thesis and the main points. Knowing the central idea and main points will help you reconstruct the rest of the speech. 

■ Repeat names and key concepts to yourself. Fill in the crucial details or important qualifications that support the thesis and main points. 

■ Identify the organizational pattern. Knowing the organizational pattern will help you visualize and follow what the speaker is saying. 

■ Summarize the message in note form. Take notes in a retainable form that makes sense to you. 

Evaluating 

"A stage in the listening process in which you judge the messages you hear."

Evaluating consists of judging the message and the speaker’s credibility, truthfulness, or usefulness in some way. At this stage your own biases and prejudices become especially influential. They will affect what you single out for evaluation and what you’ll just let pass. They will influence what you judge to be good and what you judge to be bad. In some situations, evaluation is more in the nature of critical analysis—a topic explored in detail later in this chapter. 

■ Resist evaluating the speech until you understand the message. Wait until you feel you understand (at least reasonably well) the speaker’s point of view. 

■ Distinguish facts from inferences. Make sure you can tell the facts from the opinions or personal interpretations that you’re making as well as those made by the speaker. 

■ Identify any speaker biases. These include any self-interests or prejudices that may lead the speaker to slant unfairly what he or she is presenting. 

■ Identify any of your own biases. Your own biases may lead you to remember what supports your attitudes and beliefs and to forget what contradicts them. 

Responding 

"A stage in the listening process in which you react to the messages."

Responding occurs in two phases: (1) nonverbal (and occasionally verbal) responses you make while the speaker is talking and (2) responses you make after the speaker has stopped talking. Responses made while the speaker is talking should support the speaker and show that you’re listening. These include what nonverbal researchers call backchanneling cues—gestures that let the speaker know that you’re listening, such as nodding your head, smiling, and leaning forward (Burgoon, Guerrero, & Floyd, 2010). Responses you make to the speaker after he or she has stopped talking are generally more elaborate and might include questions of clarification (“I wasn’t sure what you meant by reclassification”), expressions of agreement (“You’re absolutely right on this, and I’ll support your proposal when it comes up for a vote”), and expressions of disagreement (“I disagree that Japanese products are superior to those produced in the United States”). 

■ Backchannel. Use a variety of supportive backchanneling cues. Using only one cue—for example, nodding constantly—will make it appear that you’re not listening but are on automatic pilot. 

■ Support the speaker. Say something positive in your final responses. 

■ Own your own responses. State your thoughts and feelings as your own, and use I-messages. For example, say, “I think the new proposal will entail greater expense than you outlined” rather than “Everyone will object to the plan because it will cost too much.”

Works Cited

Cambridge Dictionary. “Hear or listen (to) ? - Grammar - Cambridge Dictionary.” Cambridge Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/hear-or-listen-to#google_vignette. Accessed 23 July 2024.

Devito, Joseph A. Essential Elements of Public Speaking. Pearson, 2017.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary. “Listen Definition & Meaning.” Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/listen. Accessed 23 July 2024.

Raman, Meenakshi. Technical Communication: Principles and Practice. Edited by Sangeeta Sharma, Oxford University Press, 2022.