The Renaissance in India

 

Introduction:-

                      The conquest of India by the British during the 18th and 19th century exposed some of the serious weakness and drawbacks of Indian social institutions. As a result, several individuals and organised movements sought to bring changes in social, religious and cultural practices with a view to reforming and revitalizing the society. These efforts were collectively known as the "Indian Renaissance".

                    Indian Renaissance appears as a  awakening of the latent society, quivering with the threats of orthodoxy, dowry and narrow cast system. Moreover, foreign colonialism at that time was an intense blight over India. Several social uprising and organisations were developed to liberate the society from the shackles of superstitions. Renaissance in Indian literature includes several significant creative works of renowned authors. Indian literature as a whole, experienced a new beginning with the Hindu Renaissance in the beginning of mid 19th century. Which is mostly centred on Bengal province, eminent authors like Rabindranath Tagore and Bankim Chandra chattopadhyay contributed significantly in the Renaissance in Indian literature by establishing a literary genre of the nation, no more the borrowed tongue.

Beginning of Renaissance:-

                     Renaissance India begin with arrival of sir William Jones. He founded the Bengal Asiatic society, published various renderings of Shakuntalam and Hitopadesha and wrote series of odes to Hindu Gods. The ruling ideas of the French revolution fired the imagination of Derozio, which led him to know the castigation, Hindu beliefs and custom of India which was like toxic. The Derozio men was accepting the certitude of Christian faith, it carried the ceaseless war against Hinduism. All these things were affected in India. It's influences led the mind of Indians to tried to westernise their lives and outlook of life.

                    Raja Rammohan Roy had been attracted to the west. He saw many belief of Hinduism. To seek the truth, he went to to Vedas and Upanishads. He found there many foolish things like Sati, Cast and idolatry. At that time he was alone. With the help of few friends, to perish that ideas, he found Brahmo samaj or Brahma Sabha in 1828. It was continued by Prince Dwarkanath Tagore. The members of Brahma Sabha were require 7 vows.

                     Raja Rammohan Roy had started several great tasks of national reconstruction. Ishvar Chandra Vidyasagar became prominent social reformer after him, who was "an informal gladiator, whom no adversary could oversaw regeneration come in argument". The task of religious regeneration was taken up by Keshub Chunder Sen. He seems to have created a great impression on his hearers. Rev. Joseph Cook declared that; 

Keshub Chunder Sen is an orator born, not made. He has a splendid physique, excellent quality of organisation, capacity of sudden heat and of tremendous impetuosity and lightning like swiftness of thought and expression, combined with a most iron self-control.

                  The Hindu leader, from the Punjab, Dayanand Saraswati, founder of Arya samaj was very important reformer. Dayanand Saraswati wanted a return to Hinduism in its pristine Vedic simplicity, clarity and spirituality. Dayanand's work was continued by Lala Hanssaj, Swami Shradhanand and Lala Lajpat Rai.

               In Bombay, the movement for religious reform or regeneration took the form of Prarthana Samaj. Poona and Bombay were important intellect centres. Many of the young man that passed out of the colleges were possessed of an idealism and capacity for intellectual discipline that were rather exceptional. Social reform, educational reform and religious reform had to go together. The prarthana Samaj didn't dissociate itself from the parent  Hindu community, but was content to  continue the tradition of the prophets and saints of Mahabharata. Kashinath Trambak Telang and Mahadev Govind Ranade were the leaders of  the movement. 

                    Kashinath Telang read Browning's Stuart Mill, deeply read English and Sanskrit and translated Bhagvad Gita for the sacred  books of the  East series. 

Telang had a perfect house of commons style, capable of playing upon the moods of an intellectual audience with the skill of a musician upon a familiar instrument.

                     His activities were manifold the Prarthana Samaj, the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, its quarterly journal, the oratory Encouragement society, the Indian National Congress. Ranade has also been called rightly the Father of Indian Economics; and Mr. A. O. Hume, the founder of the Indian National Congress, himself called Rande, his "Political Guru". 

                    Ranade and Telang were choice spirits, and Bombay and all india benefited greatly from their educative work. Telang was more intellectual, Ranade was more intuitive; Telang was a Thinker an advocate, a wise councellor, but Ranade was not only these but also a sage who knew all, and ready with consolation at the right time.

                      Like Ranade and Telang, Sir Narayan Chandavarkar was also journalist, judge, orator, politician, Prarthana Samajist, all rolled in one.

                       The new education game Madras a succession of able lawyers, jurists, teachers, journalists and administrators. The real ferment in Madras came from an initially foreign movement The Theosophical Society. It was a western attempt to fuse with the spring of Indian spirituality, founded at New York in 1875 by Madam Bavatsky, Annie Besant. She was again a little responsible for the starting of the general Hindu College at Banaras. 

                   The old "Avatars" and Massiahs, Rama and Krishna, Mahavir and Buddha, Shankara and Ramanuja, the mystic singers and saints were dimmed distance, while Rammohan Roy, Keshub Sen, Dayanand and Ranade were but superlatively gifted with men not Avatars or Massiahs. Ramkrishna Paramhansa occurred at the nick of time, occurred in Bengal. He save Indian culture and set it on new foundations. Romain Rolland rightly saw in Ramakrishna,

The consummation of two thousand years of The spiritual life of three hundred million people and his owl animates modern India.

                   When Ramakrishna passed away, his disciple Swami Vivekananda established Ramkrishna mission, a spiritual and humanitarian movement that has been doing not able work.

                   Today, principle organ of the Ramakrishna mission is the monthly English journal Prabudhha Bharata. However, Rajam Iyer steepd in English, Sanskrit and Tamil. He is Kamalambal is one of the great novels in Tamil, first Tamil novel. Left incomplete, for all its delicates mangling of light and shade, and the plays of humour and fantasy, the novel is a promise more than an achievement, but like Derozio, Rajam Iyer too died young before he could redeem the promise of his youth.

Conclusion:-

                    Thus, Renaissance was the most important time period in the development of humanity because of the significant adjustments in science, exploration, the church government, art and writing. In the medieval period, the society had fallen into a deep slumber. Significant amounts of people decided to adhere to ideas that were to thought up by blind thinkers. The Renaissance was an awakening to reality.

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The Nightingale and the Rose 🌹

About author:-

              Oscar Fungal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish poet and playwright. He was born on 16th October 1854 in Ireland and died on 30th November 1900 in France at the age of 46. He was known for his acclaimed works including "The picture of Dorian gray" and "the importance of being earnest", as well as his brilliant wit, flamboyant style and infamous imprisonment for homosexuality. 

About the story:- 

                'The Nightingale and the Rose' is a fairytale by Oscar Wilde included in his 1888 collection, 'The happy Prince and other tales'. It is about romantic love. The story contains two aspects of love, one is pure love, which is described by the bird Nightingale who supports lover and another is conditional and materialistic love, which is described by the daughter of professor who tells the student to get red for her if he wants to dance with her at the Prince's ball. At the end of the story we can examine that the sacrifice of nightingale becomes vain when she refuses to dance with him because someone has given her jewelry.

Critical analysis:-

                    The story Nightingale and the rose is about the romantic love. It is about the student who is in love with professor's daughter. While sitting in the branches of the Oak-tree, the Nightingale overhears the Student lamenting the fact that his sweetheart will not dance with him unless he brings her a red rose. The story is about conditional love which we can see in very first line of the story, by the statement of the student,

"She said that she would dance with me if I brought her Red roses."

               The Prince is giving the ball the following night but although, the student loves her a lot, both will be there, but as per the condition she will not dance with him without a red rose. To fulfill her wish, he goes to his garden but he later come to know that his garden doesn't have any roses. The Nightingale knows the real meaning of love after watching the grief of the student and how rare true love is. Impressed by the apparent depth of the Student's emotion, she decides to help him secure the girl's affections.

            The Nightingale first flies to a White Rose-tree standing in the center of a plot of grass and asks him for a red rose. He tells her that all his roses are white, but advises her to find his brother, the Yellow Rose-tree standing next to a sun-dial. The Nightingale flies to him and is again disappointed. The Yellow Rose-tree in turn suggests that she visit his brother underneath the Student's window. This Rose-tree replied that it had red roses but because of winter, it is frozen, its branches has broken by the storms. So it hadn't any roses over tree. Disparate Nightingale asks if there is a way to produce a single red rose. The suggestion is given by the tree to built Red Rose out of music by moonlight and stain it with the nightingale's heart's blood.

           The Nightingale presents the philosophy of life and love and decides to sacrifice her life for love. By the moonlight she stands infront of throne and starts to sing the song. Her song is first about the birth of love, then the birth of passion in the soul of man and a maid, then love which is perfected by death and at last only burst of music. Finally the red rose is completed and the Nightingale dies. At noon student sees this wonderful red rose and ran up to professor's house with the red rose in hid hand and gives it to his beloved.

            But now the conclusion came with the disappointment of student by the reply of her that another suitor, the Chamberlain’s nephew, has sent her jewels, which are more valuable than flowers, so she says she will dance with him instead at the ball that night. He throws the red rose into the gutter, where a cart rolls over it. As he walks home, he decides to reject Love in favour of Logic and Philosophy, which have a more practical use.

Themes:-

Conclusion:- 

   

                     To sum up, we can see thay the  sacrifice of the Nightingale goes wasted and is not appreciated by anyone except the red rose-tree who knew about the seriousness of her intended sacrifice. It also shows that the sacrifices made for others are not given importance rather material pursuits are more important for people.

                     

Present tense

 

Introduction:-

           Tense is the basic concept of English grammar. Learning tenses is the first step to learn English language. Tenses is a way of using correct form of a verb in a sentence to express an action with regard to the correct time of its occurrence. We speak and hear many sentences in our daily life.  Each sentences express an action along with time of its occurrence. Each of those sentences belong to a specific tense. Tenses can be broadly classified into three categories,

1. Present tense
2. Past tense
3. Future tense

                 Here we will discuss the present tense,

★  Present tense:-

             There are many uses of tense. In English grammar, we use present tense to talk about something that is going on now (currently) or that is true now and anytime. In other words, we use present tense to describe an event in real time. The present tense is of four types. namely,

• Simple present tense 
• Present continuous tense 
• Present perfect tense 
• Present perfect continuous tense

 1. Simple present tense:-

             The simple present tense uses the verb form as the root form of the verb. We use the simple present tense in the following conditions;

→ To describe things that are always true or situation that exist now and as far as we know it will go on indefinitely. 

Ex.,.  

• It takes me five minutes to get to the school.
• Trees grow more quickly in summer than in winter.

→ To talk about habits of things that happen on a regular basis.

Ex.,.

• I leave work at 5:30 most days
• Each July we go to Turkey for holiday

→ We often use the present simple with verbs that perform the action they describe.

• Ex,. I refuse to believe that he didn't know the car was stolen. ( =A Refusal)

There is other performative verbs that perform the action. Like,

Accept, acknowledge, advise, apologize, assume, deny, guarantee, hope, inform, predict, promise, recommend, suggest, suppose, warn.. etc.

→We often prefer to use the present simple rather than the present continuous with verbs describing States. 

• Ex., I really enjoy travelling.

→ we use present simple to describe main event of the story or Joke.

                     When singular form of the subject or a singular pronoun is used, the verb is used the simple present tense by '-s' or '-es' to it.

Like.,

• He goes to library often. 
• I always wake up at 6 a.m. 
• She plays football everyday.

          

2. Present continuous tense:-

                         The present continuous tense is used to show an activity that is in progress or not complete at the time of speaking. Activity started in the past and will go into future. The present continuous tense of any verb is formatted with auxiliary verb to be (am, is, are) and the present participle of the main verb ( verb+ing). The auxiliary verb varies according to the person used with the present continuous tense.

Like,

• I'm eating pasta with sauce.
• She is reading a book on silence.
• Police are investigating a dead body that was burnt beyond recognition.

                 We use present continuous tense with the following conditions;

∆ to talk about particular actions or events that have begin but haven't  end that at the time of speaking.

Ex., 

• The car isn't starting again.
• I am trying to get through to Joan.

∆ We use time expressions such as at the moment, at present, currently, just and still to emphasis that the event or action is happening now.

Ex., 

• Have you done the shopping? I am just going.

∆ When we describe repeated actions or events that are happening at or around the time of speaking, we use the present continuous tense.

Ex.,

• I am hearing a lot of good reports about your work these days.

∆ To imply that situation is or may be temporary.

Ex.,

• She is teaching English in a school. (it may no permanent)

∆ We can use the present continuous with some state verbs when we want to emphasis that a situation is temporary for a period around the present.

Ex.,

• I am considering taking early retirement.

∆ Some words used to describe a temporary state (like ache, feel, hurt, look, seem), there is little difference in meaning when we use present simple or present continuous. Like.,

• He is looking awful.

∆ to talk about changes, development and trends. Like.,

• The growing number of visitors is demanding footpath.

We use present continuous when we tell a story or joke to describe the longer or background event. Present continuous also used to give compliments and to emphasis on something is done repeatedly.

3. Present perfect tense:-

                      Present perfect tense is used to express an action that has been completed or has occurred recently. This tense expresses the sense of completion of an action in recent time. In this tense we need to use the past participle of the verb and helping verb have or has according to its subject.

We use present perfect tense in the following conditions;

=⟩ When we talk about something that happened in the past, but we don't specify a precisely when it happened, we use the present perfect.

Ex, 

• I have complained about the traffic before.

=⟩ When we use the present perfect, it suggests some kind of connection between what happened in the past and the present time. We use this tense to say something that happened in the past affects the situation that exists now.

Ex, 

• I have washed my hands so that I can help you with the cooking.

=⟩ When we talk about how long an existing situation has lasted, even if we don't give a specific length of time, we use the present perfect. Ex,

• They have grown such a lot since we last saw them.

=⟩ We use the present perfect to say that an action or event has been repeated a number of times up to now. Ex,

• They have been to Chile three times.

4. Present perfect continuous tense:-

                  We use the present perfect continuous when the focus is on an action that has not yet been completed or has been completed. The present perfect continuous tense is made up of the helping verb(Have/Has), past participle of the infinitive and present participle( Verb + ing). 

We use present perfect continuous tense in following conditions;

♦ We use the present perfect continuous to talk about the situation or activity that started in the past and has been in process for a period until now. Sometimes we use distance with expressions that indicate the time period ( e.g, with since and for).

Ex,

• She has been living in New Zealand for over a year now.

♦ We use this tense to say how long something has been in progress. Ex,

• I have been trying to get permission to extend my house.

♦ We can use this tense when we talk about a situation or activity that started in the past and is still happening now or has just stopped. 

Ex,

• It has been raining heavily all night.

Conclusion:-

             

                  In short, the present tense is  significant facet of tenses and also of English grammar, which demonstrates the ways of our daily conversation sentences.

          

Still you Can... My first poem in English

                

              Time is an excuse

It is not a good or bad place

But it is a superstition of the mind

Get rid of superstition, be courageous

Then people will welcome you

Time is an excuse.

What can stop you today or tomorrow?

So, overcome obstacles, create a new path

Increase the passion to face every single trouble

Then people will upload your success

Time is an excuse

Even though everyone speaks a lot today

Don't pay attention, just ignore it

Recognise your inner strength

Then people will enhance your work

Time is an excuse

I've never seen any boundaries of the character

But yes... I have really seen that

People are addicted to rumours

Don't cry face it

Brighten up your existence

Then people will change their mind

Time is an excuse

Networking and Socialising

Introduction:-

When all things are equal people prefer to do business with friends. And they even prefer to do business with friends when things are not equal.

                                   - Mark McCormack

                   

            Networking and Socialising are significant facets to build long- lasting business relationship based on trust and mutual respect, especially while working internationally. It is vital to maintain good personal relationship to make difficult business discussion and decision easier to handle. In some cultures the strong business relationship is even more important to maintain strong business relationship or to improve the business English related Networking and Socialising. For that there is five steps, which are.,

1. Say "Hello" properly
2. Make active small talk
3. Look for "Hot buttons"
4. SOFTEN your approach
5. Grab opportunities

                      

1. Say "Hello" property:-

                      It is said that "you never have a second chance to make a first impression". So in business, to take a pleasant initiative is vital. Crystal clear, mirror like reply is always amiable by the business partner. The word "hello" will tell our business partner how we are feeling about meeting them. It can be highly formal or informal. There is many ways to reply their greetings like;

• It's an honour to meet you.
• How do you do?
• How are you doing?
• How are things?
• Hi there.

               Instead of simple reaction, it's an opportunity to take an initiative; for that the first requirement is to "be proactive" and "be flexible".  It depends on the situation of a person to be too friendly or too choose an informal greeting. When we greet people first time, the phrase "Nice to meet you" is friendly but business like and easy to get reply "Nice to meet you, too". After saying "Hello", it is difficult to introduce yourself, which can cause cultural problems. It differs from country to country or culture to culture. For instance,

In Germany, you might offer only their  family name. Like Schmidt.But in Sweden, you might only offer the first name, Like Manfred. But while working internationally, we need to use both name, which is one of the ways to "Be Proactive". But that time don't say "I am Manfred Schmidt".  This indicates that your business partner  has to choose either Manfred or Mr Schmidt. Instead we have to indicate what we want to be called Schmidt or Manfred.

             So to make it clear, we have to say that "Hi there! I am Manfred, Manfred Schmidt". It means that a person telling you to call him by his first name. In international business situation this approach is the best one. It means that your first two sentences would be like this,

"Nice to meet you, I am Manfred, Manfred Schmidt."

2. Make active small talk:-

            The criteria of small talk differs from culture to culture. Some demands it, whilst other ignore it. But in international business communication, small active talk become extremely helpful. You can start to break the ice or take an initiative by talking about neutral or non controversial topics. Neutral topics like, the weather, the trip, the hostel and the town - all are easy to talk about without disagreement or controversy. In Britain, there is three taboos subjects for small talk - politics, sex and religion, because it may become an argument to talk about them. All the impact of the small talk in business may ruin your business relationship. Even if you come from a country where small talk is not part of your culture, try to use it as an icebreaker with your international guests before the meeting like, in the taxi, at the airport or over a coffee.

         Small talk is like a friendly game of tennis. The idea is to keep the ball going backwards and forwards over the net. The main linguistic tool in successful small talk is to ask the open questions whose answer should not simple "yes or no", instead asking open questions can help to inviting longer answers to make easier to develop a conversation. For open questions use the "W" question words instead, like.,

What? Why? When? Where? Who? Which? How?

        Such questions will open up the conversation and start the ball rolling, but do remember that to keep your end of the tennis game going. Even when your partner ask you a question that you could answer them with a single word, don't use only a single word, instead answer them with sentence and ask an open question of your own.

3. Look for "hot buttons":-

              Everyone have hot buttons means personal interest. These are very important to us. Like, family, travelling, sports, pets, hobbies, etc. Friendship often based on two people having same 'hot buttons' means same interest.

           In international business you need to become a "hot button" in detective, which means to look for whether you and your business partner have any in common. Peepal leaves clues about their personal interest in their conversation with you. When in coffee break your business partners says "Did you see the game on television last night?" It's another way of saying "Is football one of your hot buttons?" When your business partner stays, "I hope we finish on time. I have got some tickets for the theatre this evening.' they are saying 'Do you like the theatre?' So don't just reply "Yes or I see". Follow it up like a good detective. Tell them you support real Madrid or Chelsea.  Ask what play they are going to see. And the most important is to offer some information back. Tell that you prefer rugby to football. Tell them you went to see a good film last week.

         In some cases, to ask someone a direct question about their family might be embarrassing for your business partner. For instance,

If you ask him, "Are you married?"  the answer might be like "Actually my wife has just run off with my best friend and taken the kids with her".

Instead, it will be easy for you to say that "your wife and kids are away this weekend holiday and that you are going to join them at the weekend". After that your partner may give you information about their family if they feel comfortable about it.

4. SOFTEN your approach:-

             There are three key areas to think about when meeting our business partner,

• What to say
• How to say it
• How we act

             But we often concentrate on Hard words its pronunciation and intonation and forget the nonverbal side of communication. For that we need to SOFTEN our approach. It is about how non-verbal signals are important.

• S - Smile
• O - Open gesture
• F - Forward lean
• T - Touch
• E - Eye contact
• N - Nod

★ S - Smile:-  A friendly face helps people feel welcome and more relaxed. While concentrating on getting the language right, we often forget to smile, our official expressions become serious, our forehead creases up and we come across as critical, cold and unfriendly.

★ O - Open gesture:- During conversation it becomes important to gesture naturally and sit with your feet together on the floor. Sitting with arms and legs crossed can affect our speaking partner. It seems like we are closed to other person's Ideas or the relationship. Though we do it because we are working in English, not because of the relationship.

★ F - Forward lean:- When we want to show interest in other person we lean forward. It creates a positive "I am with you" feeling.

★ T - Touch:- We only touch each other in business when shake hands at the start of the meeting. We judge people negatively if the handshake is too aggressive or of the "wet-fish" variety. A good international handshake is firm but not too firm and lasts for two or three shakes.

★ E - Eye contact:- It varies according to cultural background. According to some studies, during the average European conversation, 

• The listener looks at the speaker 75% of the time
• The speaker looks at the listener 40% of the time
• The average length of mutual eye contact is 1.5 seconds

          It will perceived as being aggressive if we stare at each other without breaking eye contact. In some cultures the eye are lowered during a conversation to show respect, but in most cultures we need to reassure ourselves that your partner is still listening. For that we need eye contact, it is a way of getting feedback on how our ideas are being received.

★ N - Nod :- Moving your head up and down to indicate agreement encourages your speaking partner to open up. Your nodding tell them that you are listening and that you want them to continue speaking. The non-verbal signals working very significantly, especially when working with second language. It helps to correct misunderstandings. In most of the cases signals are more believable than the words.

5. Grab opportunities:-

           We are surrounded by opportunity to practice our Socialising skills, but the only need is to grab them with both hands. Look for opportunities to use English during your normal work activities, like in brakes and dead periods.

★ Whenever you get English speaker visit your organisation, grab the chance to practice your English with them. See it as an opportunity rather than an imposition.

★ There are probably several of your colleagues who would also like to practice their English. Arrange weekly English only lunch or coffee break or even an English pub night every month.

★ If you have a regular English speaking contact on the phone or a native speaker colleague, to build a friendly trainee-mentor relationship. Because many native speakers like to become the expert and coach.

★ To practice your networking skills in English, you need to go on business training programmes, where you have to use English to communicate with other trainees.

★ There are many friendship societies where you can meet people from other cultures and where English is the medium of communication. So go there and join English speaking organisation.

★ Chat with English speakers while on holiday because it's a safe environment for making and correcting mistakes.

★ To havw small talk in English with your family helps you to improve your English as well as your children's and your partner's English, too.

           In short, look for every opportunity to extend your personal and professional network in English, which help you to building up your confidence and giving yourself the chance of doing it even more successful the next time.

Conclusion:- 

            To sum up, we can say that networking and socializing skills are very important to build long-standing relationship with our business partner.

Indian English literature

 

Introduction:- 

                      Indo-anglian literature is not essentially different in kind from Indian literature. It is a modern facet of that Glory which, commencing from the Vedas has continued to spread its mellow light with greater and lesser billions under the inexorable vicissitudes of time and  history. 

                       It is a literature which is combination of Indian literature and Indian English literature. Indian English literature refers to the body of work by writers in India who write in English and whose native or co-native language could be one of the numerous languages of India. It is also associated with the works of members of Indian diaspora.

                     Indian writing in English is greatly influenced by writing in England, "Romanticism" "Victorians", "Georgians" and "Modernists". But in its own way Indo anglian literature has contributed to the common pool of world writing in English. K. R. Srinivasa quoted in his book, the Indian contribution to English literature, that;

The best Indo- anglian poets have given us something which neither English poetry nor any of our regional literatures can give. In other words they have effected a true marriage of Indian processes of poetic experience with English formula of Verse expression.

            Indo- anglian literature has an appeal to Indians and to English man as well. Sometimes it is called that one can't write first class in a learned language. Indian writers sometime suffered from that, but it is not true at all, because Indian writers give glory to the English literature.

Development of an Indo-anglian literature:-

            The seeds of Indian writing was sown during the period of the British rule in India. Now the seed has blossomed into an evergreen tree, fragrant flowers and ripe fruits. Indian English literature continuous to reflect Indian culture, tradition, social values and even Indian history. Indian writing in English is one of the voices in which India speaks. It is a new voice, no doubt, but it is as much Indian as the others. As the late C. R. Reddy pointed out in the course of his forward on Indo anglian literature;

Indo anglian literature is not essentially different kind from Indian literature. It is a part of it, a modern face at of that Lori which, commencing from the Vedas, has continued to spread its mellow light, now with greater and lesser brilliance under the inexorable vicissitudes of time and history, ever increasingly up to the present time of Tagore, Iqbal and Aurobindo Ghosh and bids fair to expand with our and humanity's expanding future.

              Its early history begin with the works of Henry Louis Vivian Derozio and Michael Madhusudan Dutta, followed by Rabindranath Tagore and Sri Aurobindo, R. K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao, contributed to the growth and popularity of Indian English fiction in the 1930s. It is also associated in the some cases with the works of members of Indian diaspora, who subsequently compose works in English.

            The first book written by an Indian in English was "The travels of Dean Mahomet" a travel narrative by Sake Dean Mahomed. In it's early stage, Indian English literature was influenced by the Western novel.

             Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote "Rajmohan's wife"; it is the first Indian novel written in English. "Bianca" or "The young Spanish maiden" by Toru Dutt, was the first novel written by an Indian women.

              The non-fictional body of prose works, consisting of letters, diaries, political manifesto, articles, speeches, philosophical works etc. in Indian English literature of the 19th and the early 20th century, is rich and varied. The speeches of Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, Chittranjan Das, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi and Subhash Chandra Bose, to name only a few, shaped the destiny of modern Indian and also destiny of English language in India. Gandhiji's Indian home rule or Hindu Swaraj was written in an indigenous and variety of the English language and challenged successfully the harmony of standard English even before RK Narayan mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao.

          Raja Rao, Indian philosopher and writer, authored Kanthapura and The Serpent and the Rope, which are Indian in terms of their story telling qualities. Rabindranath Tagore wrote in Bengali and English and was responsible for the translations of his own works in English. Dhan Gopal Mukherji was the first Indian author to win a literary award in the United States. R. K. Narayan contributed over many decades and continued to write till his death.

            Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao and R. K. Narayan Wardha novelist who stabilized and fortified the Indian English fiction with their ample work and unique style. It is also remarkable that the theme and technique of novel in Indian literature during this period found based on social upset, poverty, untouchability, exploitation, social movement, political movement etc.

              The contribution of women writers can not go unnoticed. In fact the works of women writers constitute a major segment of the contemporary Indian writing in English. Among women writers Sarojini Naidu ,the great poetess termed the readers with her writing. Feminism themes have also been used by others like Nayantara Sahgal and Rama Mehta. Regional fiction theme has been used by Kamala Das, Anita Nair and Susan Viswanathan. Novelists like Kamla Markandaya and Anita Desai captured the spirit of Indian culture and its traditional values.

              English has acquired rare privilege and popularity in India especially among the elite and the middle classes. It is increasingly being used by writers to give shape to the the conflicting dilemmas and issues that confronts the human psyche. It has definitely become a convenient medium to express the intrinsic talent of the writer. Moreover, Indian English writers use it with enviable ease and gaining mastery of a foreign tongue to articulate the vagaries and vicissitudes of an individual's consciousness in a realm of its own aptly substantiate the expansiveness and verse of the Indian English writer.

Conclusion:-

                To conclude, during one and half or two centuries, Indian writing in English began and spread its influence throughout whole world of English literature. Authors make use of Indian phrases alongside English words and have tried to reproduce a blend of the Indian and the Western cultures.

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Planning- a module to improve presentation skills

 

Introduction:-

It pays to plan ahead. It wasn't raining when Noah built the ark.

           Planning is the most important component for business. Lacking in Planning is the key to failure. So the effective planning is always amiable. But, when we are doing so, we face a kind of convenient distraction.

          A presentation should be viewed as a product to be delivered to important customer, audience. So it's going too offering to develop it very carefully with specific requirements. As a beginning to the planning, we get the key points through the TIPS module. We can find many ways to prepare special, offering and convenient presentation, doesn't matter if they are external buyers or internal colleagues. So, here is TIPS module in a very unique content to prepare presentation.

TIPS - A New Approach to International Presentation

T - Getting the Target right

I - Selecting the right Information

P - Organising the Process

S - Knowing your presentation Style

   

                    The starting point for the effectiveness for any international presenter is to develop sensitivity to their own approach and it's potential consequences for audience. TIPS is an audience centred framework to help to prepare international presentation.

T - Target:-

           Presenters often selet the wrong target or objective. Most make the mistake of thinking that they simply have to give information. In fact, they often need to motivate; to convince to persuade or to listen. So, it becomes too necessary to select the right presentation target to achieve business goals. When we are presenting ourselves to the audience, we have to keep a kind of clarity in target. The opening minutes should be impactful, because clarity in communication make your audience acquainted why the presentation is important for them and how.

 So... Here is an ABC approach, which can be useful to opening presentation.,

★ A - Audience first :- show an understanding of the audiences circumstances

★ B - Be personally involved :- Indentify with your audience personally

★ C - Clear business logic :- Show that the presentation objectives are based on your and their professional needs

          So, it is too necessary to define a target in line with your needs and audience needs. Show personal commitment to meeting needs of audience at the starting of presentation.

I - Information:-

           Communication doesn't mean to transfer simple information. Presenters always face the challenges that their information will be viewed and interpreted in a number of ways by different audience members.

             Sometimes the reaction of presentation become quite mixed, because the various members of the audience have quite different expectations about information. It might satisfy or might disappoint some according to their way of thinking. In international business, we can see, there are significant differences in the way in which information is viewed.

           Selecting the right information level for presentation depends on understanding the different perspectives which international audiences have about "information". To select information, we need to know what they think about four key areas:

1. Analysis
2. Hierarchy
3. Group
4. Openness 

★ Analysis:- 

   The first thing is to balance action and analysis. Moving too quickly to action will be understood by some audience as un professional. However, presenting too much data for the purpose of analysis will irritate many other audience and could reduce commitment to proposal.

★ Hierarchy:-

   For business, it is very necessary to know how to make or present the presentation. In hierarchical context it is important not to overstep authority, particularly when analysing bed results or making recommendations for change.

★ Group:-

  Presenter should not be tooindividualistic, because it can tend to give information in form of strong personal opinions. Instead they may prefer to stress the "we" and be more invisible as a personality when presenting data to avoid accusations of self promotion.

★ Openness:-

   Presenters who use language such as must,can't or impossible may be seen as persuasive, powerful or competent professionals, it may be seen as lack of openness, particularly during the discussion of more controversial issue. Selecting the right information "packaging" is a key to presentation success.

P - Process:-

                  A presentation can be viewed as a kind of process, with specific steps, each having to be managed effectively for the presentation to be successful. Presenters have to make sure basic logistics are in place at the venue to avoid technical disaster. So logistic plan is more erquirable. Presenters have to leave no doubt about technical needs. Go through in plenty of time to test equipment.

          All presentations have a beginning, a middle and an ending. For a presentation to run smoothly, international presenters need to manage five critical process factors correctly.,

1. The involvement factor
2. The organisation factor
3. Personal factor
4. Language factor
5. Non - verbal facto

                    The presentation doesn't stop as audience applause dies down. Often this when the really hard work begins to get your ideas implemented, to track the change which you have recommended or simply to consolidate new relationship in the larger term.

S - Style:-

        The final element of presentation plan is to know your own personal communication style. The first element is to analyse your own communication style. The second element is national stereotypes and communication style. The second step is quite dangerous, but they provides useful ideas about communication style. Many professionals takle it by opely discussing the issue in order to make style more transparent to others.

            Across cultures politeness can mean very different things. Sociologists have identified two important types of politeness.,

1. Positive politeness :-

   It means we communicate that we like the person we are talking to: we smile, we change our behaviour, we ask a lots of questions to show interest and engagement with the person.

2. Negative politeness:-

   It means equally polite, means being more reserved, talking less, giving the other person more space and time. It is more important to just be youself.

Conclusion:- 

                   Thus, the planning for the presentation becomes too essential to make an impact in presentation by TIPS module. It is the module which is used before planning the presentation to make it strong and powerful.

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The Organs of the Speech

★ Introduction:-

                         Linguistic is a systematic study of language. Phonetic is a branch of linguistic and it is the branch dealing with the medium of speech. It deals with the  production, transmission and reception of the sounds of human speech. For the speech sounds, various organs of our body works. It is called "Organs of Speech"

                        "The air that we breath out comes out of the lungs. Before it gets into outer atmosphere, various organs in our body convert it into speech sound. These are called as the Organ of the speech."

                All the organs of speech not only work for the production of speech, but also do the other work as well. The lungs, the vocal cords, the tongue, the teeth and the lips are some of the organs that described commonly in phonetic as a organs of speech. The lungs are necessary for breathing, the vocal cords shut tightly and thus prevent food from entering the windpipe, the tongue is used for differentiating tastes, the tooth are used for chewing food and so on. 

    

               The organs of speech can be divided into three groups:-

1. The Respiratory system
2. The Phonatory system
3. The Articulatory system

 ★1. The Respiratory system:-          

             The Respiratory system contains the Lungs, the Muscles of the chest and the Windpipe (Trachea). 

Click here to read about the Respiratory System

★2. The Phonatory system:-

         The Phonatory system contains the Larynx.

                   

       The Larynx is called "Adam's Apple", situated at the top of the windpipe. The air from the lungs has to come out through the windpipe and the larynx. In the larynx, are situated two lip like structure, called the vocal cords. These are placed horizontally from the front to back. They are attached in front and can be separated at the back.

       The vocal cords can be opened and closed and when two cords come very close to each other, the glottis will be shut completely. In fact when we swallow food or water, the vocal cords shut the glottis and thus prevents food or water from entering the windpipe.

             When we breath in and out, the vocal cords are drawn wide and thus the glottis is open. The air enters the lungs or gets out of the lungs through the wide open glottis. When we produce some speech sounds, the vocal cords are wide apart and the glottis is open. Such sounds produced with wide-open glottis are called "Voiceless sounds or Breathed sounds". The first sound in the english words Peel, Ten, Keen, Chin, Fine, Thin, Shine and Hat are voiceless sounds.

                During the production of certain speech sounds, the vocal cords are loosely held together and pressure of the air from lungs makes them open and close rapidly. This is called Vibration of the vocal cords. When the sound produced when vocal cords vibrate are called "Voiced sounds".  All the sounds in the english words Bead, Deed, Girl, Judge, Vine, Then, Zoo, Measure, Need, Wing, Red, Yard and Well are Voiced sounds.

               The vibration of vocal cords is important for another factor, too. The rate at which the vocal cords vibrate is called "Frequency of vibration of vocal cords" and this determines the Pitch of the voice.

 

             We can decide whether the sound is voiced or voiceless by having one or two simple experiments. If we produce a sound and place our fingers lightly on the Adam's Apple, during its production our fingers feel the vibration of vocal cords, the sound produced is voiced sound. If the produced is voiceless, our fingers will feel nothing.

For instance; 

                If we produce a prolonged SSSSS (prolonged hissing sound) with our fingers on Adam's apple. Then if we say prolonged ZZZZZ (prolonged buzzing sound), during the production of ZZZZZ, our fingers will feel vibration of vocal cords. They will feel no such thing during the production of SSSSS. The hissing sound is voiceless and the buzzing sound is voiced. 

★3. The Articulatory System:-

                           

              The Articulatory system comprises the teeth ridge, the hard palate, the soft palate and uvula.

            

              The convex body part of the roof of the mouth which is lies immediately behind the upper front teeth is called the Teeth ridge. It is also called the Alveolar ridge or Alveolum. Immediately after the teeth ridge, the roof of mouth becomes concave and it is hard and bony. This bony concave surface is called the Hard-palate. The roof of mouth then suddenly becomes soft and fleshy. This is called the Soft-palate or the Velum. The fleshy structure hanging loose at the extreme end of the roof of the mouth, which is called the Uvula.

         

★ Oral sounds:-

                    The soft palate acts like a valve in opening and closing nasal passage of air. If the soft palate is raised therefore it touches the back wall of pharynx, thus the nasal passage of air is completely blocked. The air than can't escape through the nose. During production of the sounds, if the air escape through the mouth are called Oral sounds. All the sounds in English words Peel, Bag, Saw, Date and Bush are oral sounds. The closure of nasal passage of air by raising the velum is called Velic closure.

★ Nasal sounds:-

                  If the soft palate is lowered, the passage of the air opens into the nose is opened. If the passage of the air into mouth is blocked, the air from the lungs will escape into the outer atmosphere only through the nose. During the production of sounds, if the air escape only through the nose is called Nasal sounds. The sounds in the English words Sum, Sung and Sun are Nasal sounds. By lowering the soft palate, there is a valic opening and thus the nasal passage is opened.

★ Nasalised sounds:-

    

           There are certain sounds, during articulation of that soft palate is lowered and there is opening of nasal passage of air. But oral passage of air is not blocked and therefore both the nasal and oral passage are open. The air from the lungs then escape simultaneously through the nose and the mouth. Such sounds are called nasalised sounds. Last sound in the French word Ban(good) and the vowel in Hindi words like आँख(eye) and ऊंट(camel) are the examples of nasalised sounds.

                  To assure, whether the sound is nasal or oral, we can block the nostrils while articulating the sound. If the sound stops, the sound is Nasal. If we can continue to produce the sound even after blocking the nostrils, the sound is Oral. Prolonged SSSS sound is Oral sound and prolonged MMMM sound is Nasal sound.

★ Conclusion:-

  

                    Thus, the speech sound includes various organs of our body. Through the function of the organs, we can produce speech sounds. All these are responsible for the various speech sounds in every language in a different ways.

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